Personality Models

3 Key excerpts on "Personality Models"

• 

  eBook - ePub

  Project Politics

  A Systematic Approach to Managing Complex Relationships

  • Nita A. Martin(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Remember that these concepts are approximations of otherwise complex human behaviours. They should not be used to classify individuals. People can change and just because they behaved in one way today does not mean that they will behave in exactly the same way tomorrow. You need to be pragmatic in your use of such theories, in the same way that you need to be pragmatic in the application of project management techniques.

  The table below summarizes the models presented in Part I of this book. They have been categorized into psychological, influential, behavioural and communication models. A simplified overview only is provided for each of the models. The objective is to focus on the fundamental structures that they provide rather than the method of performing detailed analyses.

  Table I.1 Models and concepts of human behaviour

  Type	Description
  Psychological profiling	Maslow’s theory of human motivation. Myers-Brigg type indicator (MBTI).
  Influence	Types of influence. Degrees of influence. Methods of influence.
  Behavioural	Belbin team inventory. Organizational anti-patterns. Tactics.
  Communication	Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP). Transactional analysis (TA).

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  1 Psychological Profiling Models

  DOI: 10.4324/9781315602431-3

  Two well-known psychological models are described. The first is Maslow’s theory of motivation and the second is Myers-Briggs type indicator. Maslow’s theory is useful because it models motivation and how it can change depending on the circumstances. Maslow describes a five-layer model and explains that we are driven by fundamental needs from either one or more of the layers. As soon as some of these needs are met, then the desire to fulfil new needs arises, leading to a constant feeling of dissatisfaction. This hierarchy of motivation can be used to determine the underlying reasons for political issues.

  Myers-Briggs type indicator – a model that describes psychological types that people are born with or that they develop – can be utilized for differentiating between personality types. This information can be used for directing effective management and engagement.

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  eBook - ePub

  Multicultural Behavior and Global Business Environments

  • Kamal Dean Parhizgar(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 7 Understanding and Managing Individual Personality

  Personality is a completed puzzle picture of an individual behavior

  Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

  • realize what the major elements of “self” concept are,
  • understand personality and individual patterns of behavior,
  • understand various factors of the biological contribution to personality.
  • understand sociocultural and ecological contributions to the formation and development of personality,
  • describe the nature of individual differences in organizations,
  • describe personality types and traits that affect organizations,
  • analyze managerial styles on the basis of the sociocultural, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of a manager, and
  • discuss how managers should cope with individual differences.

  Introduction

  Today, organizations are becoming borderless global institutions through the free flow of information. In-person communication is not the only way to associate with others. The association can be through e-image, e-mails, or e-commerce. Accordingly, individuals possess two types of behavior: (1) live and (2) imaginary behaviors.

  Organizations can be classified according to two dimensions. First, organizations differ in the extent to which they are domestically oriented and culturally homogeneous. This concept is being used here to refer to the behavioral setting within a company. Theoretically, culturally homogeneous organizations are made up of personalities who are more or less working toward the same organizational identification regardless of each individual’s ethnicity, race, color, religion, and so on. Second, organizations can be classified as to the extent to which they differ in being internationally oriented

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  eBook - ePub

  Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

  Theories and Applications

  • Angus Mugford, J. Gualberto Cremades(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  These are theories that purport that personality is comprised of traits and states (Catell, Ebner, & Tausuaka, 1980). In this regard, these theories are based on a premise that personality traits and their states are relatively stable over time, place and circumstance, that they can be described in a reliable and technically defensible manner and that these traits and states will differ somewhat among the range of individuals. Furthermore, it is postulated that these stable traits can influence states, actions and behaviors (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010).

  Within the context of a trait theory perspective on performance, there are several models worthy of note for professional practice in sport and performance psychology:

  1. Raymond Cattell has developed a personality structure that consists of 16 basic personality factors and five global factors (Catell, Ebner, & Tausuaka, 1980). These factors are presented as providing the practitioner with a means for describing the personality of an individual as well as making informed judgments about what the individual is likely to do in certain situations. This model of personality has given rise to the widely used and researched Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF).
  2. Hans Eysenck’s theory of personality is rooted in the belief that there are three basic traits that can describe personality. These three basic traits are extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. When measured, individuals will manifest patterns across these three traits (Eysenck, 1992).
  3. Another trait personality theorist, Lewis Goldberg, has developed and proposed a model of personality that has been referred to as the Big Five model (Goldberg, 1990). This model, very frequently used, consists of the following dimensions, which go by the acronym of OCEAN:
     • Openness to experience
     • Conscientiousness
     • Extraversion
     • Agreeableness
     • Neuroticism
  4. Gordon Allport is another trait personality theorist whose work has focused on the notion of personal dispositions (Allport, 1937). In this theoretical framework, the most central dispositions (traits) are basic to the individual personality and can be used to describe the individual. In this regard, common dispositions in this framework are related to a particular culture and, thus, are likely to vary from culture to culture including the cardinal dispositions by which an individual may most usually be recognized.

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