Computer Science
IP Addressing
IP addressing is a method used to assign unique numerical labels to devices connected to a network, enabling them to communicate with each other. It allows for the identification and location of devices on a network, facilitating the transmission of data between them. IP addresses are essential for the functioning of the internet and other networks.
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Related key terms
9 Key excerpts on "IP Addressing"
eBook - ePub- Troy McMillan(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Sybex(Publisher)
Chapter 7 Classful IP AddressingInternet Protocol (IP) addresses are used to differentiate the computers on a LAN. They also include information that allows routers to route packets from a computer in one LAN to a computer in a different LAN. As you learned in Chapter 3 , “TCP/IP,” these activities occur on the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model.For a Cisco network technician, an understanding of IP Addressing and its configuration is essential. In this chapter, the basics of IP Addressing, both for IPv4 and IPv6, are covered, laying the groundwork for more advanced IP topics in Chapter 8 , “Classless IP Addressing.” Specifically, this chapter covers the following topics:- Describing the function of IP addresses
- Identifying IP address types
- Utilizing diagnostic tools
- Understanding DHCP
- Introducing IPv6
Describing the Function of IP Addresses
The original version of TCP/IP was written in September 1981. In 1983, the DoD mandated that all of their computer systems would use the TCP/IP protocol suite for long-haul communications. This network eventually evolved into the Internet as we know it today, and TCP/IP is the protocol of the Internet. TCP/IP has become the networking protocol for LANs as well.The Internet Protocol (IP) part of the TCP/IP suite handles the routing and addressing function at the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model. As you will learn later in this chapter, IP addresses, unlike MAC addresses, are logical and are managed by network technicians. Because IP Addressing is designed and implemented by network technicians, it is important to understand its functions and factor these considerations into the design phase.The two main functions of IP Addressing are identification and segmentation. IP addresses serve to uniquely identify network devices, and the IP Addressing system serves as a method of partitioning the network for purposes of security and/or performance. This section covers the two main functions of IP Addressing.
eBook - ePubNetworking Fundamentals
Develop the networking skills required to pass the Microsoft MTA Networking Fundamentals Exam 98-366
- Gordon Davies(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
Understanding IPv4
An important part of any network communication is addressing. Addressing is a means of identifying a device on a network. Previously, we discussed identifying devices on a network through the use of hostnames, IP addresses, and MAC addresses. Without addressing, how would the data know who it was intended for? And how could it be routed to the destination?In this chapter, we will discuss IPv4 addresses. Although these are slowly being replaced by IPv6 addresses, this process is being carried out at a glacial pace. IPv4 will still be around for a long time to come. Understanding IPv4 addressing is one of the most important aspects of any networking role, and it is imperative that you are comfortable with it.The following topics will be covered in this chapter:- Overview of IPv4
- Understanding classful networks
- Understanding subnet masks
- Understanding Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR )
- Assigning IP addresses to hosts
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Technical requirements
To complete the exercises in this chapter, you will need a PC running a Windows OS and a calculator (optional). Passage contains an image
Overview of IPv4
We have already discussed IP in a number of chapters already while touching upon some of the basics.IP addresses provide a hierarchical means of identifying devices on networks. Hierarchical in this context means that we can identify which network an IP address resides on through the use of the IP address and it's subnet mask. Don't worry if the latter term is unfamiliar to you – we will cover it in this chapter.In this chapter, we will cover arguably one of the primary functions of this ubiquitous protocol: addressing. There are currently two main versions of IP address that are used in everyday networking:- IPv4
- IPv6
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Structure of an IPv4 address
An IPv4 address is made up of 32 bits, each with a value of 1 or a value of 0. Because of this, there are 4,294,967,296 possible IP addresses (usually, we just say there are 4.2 billion IP addresses). But how did we get this huge figure? We used a calculation of 2n , where n is the number of bits being used. Thus, in the case of an IPv4 address with 32 bits, it would be 232.
eBook - ePub- Glen D. Singh(Author)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
4 Understanding IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing Each device connected to a network needs a logical address to be able to communicate with other devices and share resources. Without logical addressing, a sender will not be able to specify the delivery address or location for a message, and a recipient of a message will not know the sender’s address if a response is needed. Within private networks within organizations and public networks on the internet, each device is assigned a logical address, which helps networking devices forward messages between a source and a destination. In this chapter, you will understand the need for public and private IP address spaces and why it matters to networking professionals and organizations. You will gain a solid foundation in understanding the various types of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and why these address types are needed on networks. Lastly, you will explore IPv6 concepts and learn how to configure IP addresses on various devices. In this chapter, we will cover the following topics: The need for IP Addressing Exploring the structure of IPv4 and IPv6 Types of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses Delving into IPv6 concepts Configuring IP addresses Let’s dive in! Technical requirements To follow along with the exercises in this chapter, please ensure that you have met the following hardware and software requirements: Windows 10: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-10-enterprise Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop: https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop Cisco IOS router The need for IP Addressing An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a Layer 3 logical address that is assigned to all devices on a network to allow communication between nodes on different IP networks. Imagine sending a letter to a friend or relative using traditional postal services. After writing the letter, you’ll need to include the sender’s address if the recipient wants to reply to your letter
- Glen D. Singh(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
Chapter 3 : IP Addressing and SubnettingThe internet acts as an enormous digital world, and it's continuously expanding with new users and internet-connected devices coming online every day. Every device on a network requires some type of address to be able to communicate and exchange messages. To meet this need, Internet Protocol (IP ) addresses are commonly used.Throughout this chapter, you will learn about the characteristics of both IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, while discovering the various types of transmissions that occur on a network, as well as the importance of subnet masks and the role they play in a network.In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:- The need for IP Addressing
- Characteristics of IPv4
- Classes of IPv4 addresses
- Special IPv4 addresses
- Subnet mask
- Subnetting
- IPv6
- Lab – Configuring IPv6 addresses on a Cisco device
- Lab – Configuring IPv6 addresses on a Windows computer
- Testing end-to-end connectivity
Technical requirements
To follow along with the exercises in this chapter, please ensure that you meet the following hardware and software requirements:- Cisco Packet Tracer
- GNS3
- GNS3 VM
- Configuration files: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Implementing-and-Administering-Cisco-Solutions/tree/master/Chapter%2003
Check out the following video to see the Code in Action: https://bit.ly/3iQDXZTThe need for IP Addressing
A computer network is a bit like a neighborhood or community. Communities consist of many people, houses, schools, and businesses. Each of these houses and buildings has a postal (mailing) address that allows others to send letters and packages via a courier service to the recipients. Without a mailing or postal address, it's a bit challenging for others to send a physical letter or package to you. Similarly, on a computer network, each device has a unique address that is used for sending and receiving messages (signals) between them. These addresses are known as Internet Protocol addresses and are most commonly referred to as IP addresses.
eBook - ePubCompTIA Network+ Study Guide
Exam N10-007
- Todd Lammle(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Sybex(Publisher)
Chapter 7 IP AddressingTHE FOLLOWING COMPTIA NETWORK+ EXAM OBJECTIVES ARE COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER:✓ 1.4 Given a scenario, configure the appropriate IP Addressing components- Private vs. public
- Loopback and reserved Default gateway
- Virtual IP Subnet mask
- Classful
- Classes A, B, C, D, and E
- Classful
- Address assignments DHCP
- DHCPv6
- Static
- APIPA
- EUI64
✓ 1.3 Explain the concepts and characteristics of routing and switching- Properties of network traffic
- Broadcast domains
- Broadcast
- Multicast
- Unicast
- Addressing
One of the most important topics in any discussion of TCP/IP is IP Addressing. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network.An IP address is a logical address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP Addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.Before we get into the more complicated aspects of IP Addressing, you need to understand some of the basics. First I’m going to explain some of the fundamentals of IP Addressing and its terminology. Then you’ll learn about the hierarchical IP Addressing scheme and private IP addresses.I’ll define unicast, multicast, and broadcast addresses and then finish the chapter with a discussion on IPv6. And I promise to make it all as painless as possible.The reason that we would even discuss IPv6 (besides to cover the objectives, of course) is the lack of IPv4 addresses available for use in future networks, which we need to keep our corporate and private networks and even the Internet running. Basically, we’re running out of addresses for all our new hosts! IPv6 will fix this for us.
eBook - ePub- Darril Gibson(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Sybex(Publisher)
Chapter 5 Exploring IPv4IPv4 addresses are the most common types of addresses used on the Internet and in internal networks today. It’s important to understand the components of an IPv4 address so that you can easily troubleshoot basic problems when a computer has been misconfigured.Large organizations often divide the network into subnets, and one of the rites of passage for networking is to understand how subnetting works. You don’t have to be a master at subnetting, but you should understand the basics.Most organizations also use the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) to automatically assign IP addresses and other TCP/IP configuration information. Although this normally works well, it occasionally fails. When a client can’t reach a DHCP server, it gives an obvious telltale sign—if you know what to look for.- Exploring the components of an IPv4 address
- Exploring an IPv4 address in binary
- Subnetting IPv4 addresses
- Comparing manual and automatic assignment of IPv4 addresses
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) has been the standard IP Addressing scheme since the 1980s. It’s used to get TCP/IP traffic from one computer to another computer over a network. All computers on the Internet have unique IP addresses. As long as the IP addresses are valid, any computer can reach any other computer on the Internet with this IP address.Similarly, internal networks also use IP addresses. All computers on each internal network have unique addresses within the network, and these IP addresses are used to get traffic from one computer to another.You can think of an IP address like the street address of a home or business. As long as the full address is valid, you can address a letter, and the post office will deliver it. This also works worldwide. If you have a valid address, your letter will reach its destination. A valid address in the United States has a street address or a post-office box, a city, a state, and a zip code.
eBook - ePubCompTIA Server+ Certification Guide
A comprehensive, end-to-end study guide for the SK0-004 certification, along with mock exams
- Ron Price(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
NCP ) in 1974, it performed both data transmission and message routing. These two functions were later split into what we know today as TCP and IP, as in the TCP/IP protocol suite. Passage contains an image
IP version 4
The primary purpose of an IP is to provide a path through a network of computing and routing devices interconnected by communication links in an unstructured manner.Early on, it became clear that one of the underlying design features of the internet was that it provided no single point of failure. This led to its purposefully haphazard construction, and the need for a flexible addressing scheme.The TCP/IP protocols developed over the years into the standard that is still largely in use today. Given that there was pressure on the developers from large communication corporations, government agencies, and small and medium-sized businesses, an address class system divided up the available address range to provide ample network addresses to all parties— at least at first. Passage contains an image
The IPv4 address structure
What we have come to know as an IP address in general, the IPv4 address, consists of 32 bits divided into four eight-bit octets (groups of eight). For the sake of humans, a format called dot-decimal formats the binary address into four decimal numbers separated by dots, or periods.For example, the following shows the binary number version of an IP address and its decimal number equivalent: Binary value: 10101001.1110011.00011001.11011010Decimal value: 169. 115.25.218 Each set of four octets represents a single addressable network location. An octet may hold binary values in the range from 00000000 to 11111111, or 0 to 255 in decimal, respectively. Therefore, the total range of IPv4 addresses starts at the following: 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 (decimal 0.0.0.0) The range goes up to the following: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 (decimal 255.255.255.255)A significant number of the addresses in this range are set aside for special purposes. This means that not all of the addresses in the range are available for assignment to network nodes. We will talk more about this later in this section.
eBook - ePubIP Address Management
Principles and Practice
- Timothy Rooney(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- Wiley-IEEE Press(Publisher)
Part I IP Addressing Part I begins our discussion of the first IPAMcornerstone: IP Addressing. This part covers IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as well as address block management techniques. Passage contains an image
Chapter 1
The Internet Protocol
1.1 Highlights of Internet Protocol History
The Internet Protocol (IP) has changed everything. In my early days at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the mid-1980s when we used dumb terminals to connect to a mainframe, the field of networking was just beginning to enable the distribution of intelligence from a centralized mainframe to networked servers, routers, and ultimately personal computers. Now that I've dated myself, a little later, many rival networking technologies were competing for enterprise deployments with no clear leader. Deployment of disparate networking protocols and technologies inhibited communications among organizations, until during the 1990s the Internet Protocol, thanks to the widespread embrace of the Internet, became the world's de facto networking protocol.Today, the Internet Protocol is the most widely deployed network layer1 protocol worldwide. Emerging from a U.S. government sponsored networking project for the U.S. Department of Defense begun in the 1960s, the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite has evolved and scaled to support networks from hundreds of computers to hundreds of millions today. In fact, according to Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) surveys, the number of devices or hosts2 on the Internet exceeded 730 million as of early 2010 with average annual additions of over 75 million hosts per year over each of the past 6 years (see Figure 1.1
eBook - ePub- Oliver C. Ibe(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Chapter 6 Network Layer Part I – IP Addressing6.1 Introduction
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss IP Addressing, which is one of the network layer services. The specific topics to be discussed include the following:- IP addresses
- IPv4
- IP network subnetting
- IP quality of service (IP QoS)
- Address resolution protocol (ARP)
- Dealing with IPv4 address shortage
- IPv6.
Recall that the network layer is concerned with addressing and routing. The Internet layer is the top part of the network layer. The Internet protocol, which is defined for this layer, is a simple connectionless datagram protocol that provides no error recovery and no delivery guarantee. In this section, we consider the addressing aspect of the layer.6.2 IP Address
The current version of IP is IP version 4 (IPv4). The IPv4 header has the format shown in Figure 6.1 .IPv4 Header Structure.Figure 6.1The length of IPv4 header is variable, and the fields are measured in terms of 32-bit words. The shortest IPv4 header is 20 bytes, and IP header length (IHL) would be 5 since 20 × 8/32 = 5. The fields are defined as follows:- Version: (4 bits) indicates the IP version number, which is 4
- IHL (IP Header Length): (4 bits) indicates the number of 32-bit words that form the packet header
- DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point): (6 bits) used to define the quality of service (QoS) for different network applications
- ECN (explicit congestion notification): (2 bits) used to practice end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that is used only when both endpoints support it and are willing to use it. Also, it is effective only when it is supported by the network.
- Total length: (16 bits) specifies packet length in bytes of both the header and the data
- Identification
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